1/2 Massa - Arya Chakravartis

The Arya Chakravartis ruled the Jaffna kingdom in the far north of Ceylon largely as a tributary or contested power, caught between successive South Indian pressures and, from the fifteenth century onward, Portuguese encroachment. This copper issue spans a dynasty in decline — the Portuguese sacked Jaffna in 1560 and again more decisively in 1591, and the kingdom was formally absorbed into their Ceylon administration by 1621. Coins from the terminal decades of this date range were likely struck in diminishing quantities as royal infrastructure collapsed.