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1 000 000 Mark Phoenix Aktien-Gesellschaft für Bergbau und Hüttenbetrieb
| Issuer | Phoenix Aktien-Gesellschaft für Bergbau und Hüttenbetrieb |
|---|---|
| Year | 1923 |
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| Shape | Rectangular |
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| Obverse description | Black letterpress on pale paper with a light guilloche underprint. The centre carries the large denomination legend EINE MILLION MARK in bold Gothic type, surmounted by the issuer's name PHOENIX / Aktien-Gesellschaft für Bergbau u. Hüttenbetrieb in a decorative cartouche at top centre. Symmetrical ornamental side panels each contain a stylised numeral '1' above the word MILLION within elaborate scroll-work frames, with the figure 1000000 repeated in corner tablets; a validity clause in German script occupies the lower central panel, dated Düsseldorf, 1. Aug. 1923, followed by two manuscript facsimile signatures, with the serial number and printer's imprint L. SCHWANN · DÜSSELDORF at foot. |
|---|---|
| Obverse lettering | PHOENIX Aktien-Gesellschaft für Bergbau u. Hüttenbetrieb EINE MILLION MARK Diesen Gutschein hat bis einen Monat nach Widerruf Gültigkeit und wird bei den in den Tageszeitungen angegebenen Stellen eingelöst. Düsseldorf, 1. Aug. 1923 PHOENIX Aktien-Gesellschaft für Bergbau und Hüttenbetrieb 1000000 MILLION L. SCHWANN · DÜSSELDORF |
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| Comments |
Phoenix AG was one of the largest integrated coal and steel combines in the Ruhr, headquartered in Hörde. This emergency million-mark note is Notgeld issued during the hyperinflation of 1923, when private industrial firms throughout the Ruhr were authorized — effectively compelled — to print their own wage-payment currency to keep workers paid as Reichsmark denominations became worthless faster than the Reichsbank could supply new notes.
L. Schwann was a well-established Düsseldorf printing house with extensive commercial work in the region, a practical choice for rapid large-run production. The French and Belgian occupation of the Ruhr beginning in January 1923 severely disrupted normal banking operations, which accelerated corporate issuance of this kind.