Fractional Dirham - al-Nāṣir Muhammad I

Al-Nāṣir Muhammad ibn Qalawun ruled three separate times — deposed twice, restored twice — and his third reign, from 1310 to 1341, was the longest and most administratively productive of any Mamluk sultan. The fractional dirham issues of this period reflect a monetary system under sustained pressure: the Mamluk economy depended heavily on the spice and textile transit trade, and silver coinage was perpetually in short supply relative to demand, partly because Venetian and Genoese merchants were draining bullion westward.

Bal II 212–213 distinguishes at least two die groupings within this type, suggesting continuous production across multiple mint sessions rather than a single emission.