Fals - al-Nāṣir Muhammad I

Al-Nāṣir Muhammad ibn Qalawun ruled three separate times — deposed twice, restored twice — across a reign spanning from 1293 to 1341, making his coinage one of the most administratively complex of the entire Mamluk series. The copper fals circulated at the lowest denominational tier, handled daily by merchants and laborers in Cairo's markets while silver dirhams and gold dinars moved through the hands of the military elite. Copper issues from long reigns like this one are notoriously difficult to date within reign, as the Mamluk mint rarely marked regnal years on base metal.