Denier - Richer

Issued under Bishop Richer of Verdun, whose episcopate coincided with the height of the Investiture Controversy — the decades-long conflict between the papacy and the Holy Roman Empire over who held the right to appoint church officials. Verdun sat directly on the fault line of that struggle, a border diocese caught between French and imperial interests. Episcopal minting rights in Verdun had been granted by Otto I in 952, and Richer's issues reflect the diocese's determined exercise of those rights during a period of profound institutional instability.

Rob Verdun #58 is among the scarcer attributions in the Verdun denier sequence.