Denier - Ralph Le Puy mint

Ralph (Raoul) of Burgundy seized the West Frankish throne in 923 following the capture of Charles the Simple by Herbert II of Vermandois, ruling a kingdom whose royal coinage authority had fragmented badly. Le Puy — a major pilgrimage town in the Auvergne — operated as a mint under loose royal oversight, and issues from this period reflect the decentralization that would deepen into the feudal minting chaos of the late tenth century. The references here span Gariel, Prou, and Morrison, suggesting this type has been catalogued across generations of French medieval numismatics without clean consensus on precise attribution.