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Denier - Ralph Dreux mint
| Issuer | Kingdom of West Francia |
|---|---|
| Year | 923-936 |
| Type | Standard circulation coin |
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| Obverse description | Central field features a Carolingian monogram in relief, enclosed within a plain inner circle bordered by a beaded ring. The monogram, composed of interlaced letters forming the name RADULFUS (Ralph), is characteristic of the Carolingian royal coinage tradition. Surrounding the inner circle, a broad outer band carries the retrograde or partially garbled Latin legend reading ✠ GRΛTIΛ D-I REX, invoking royal authority by the grace of God. The outermost border is formed by a ring of triangular points or pellets, typical of Carolingian hammered deniers. The overall execution is bold and slightly irregular, consistent with hand-struck provincial mint production of the early 10th century. |
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| Reverse description | Central field displays a plain Latin cross with slightly splayed arms in high relief, set within a beaded inner circle. The four quadrants formed by the cross arms are plain and flat, emphasizing the bold, austere design typical of Carolingian provincial coinage. Between the inner beaded ring and the outer border, a broad annular band carries the Latin legend ✠ DRCΛS CΛSTELLI, identifying the mint location as the castle of Dreux. The outer rim is decorated with a continuous ring of Maltese-style or lozenge-shaped pellet ornaments, lending the reverse a rich textural quality. The strike is slightly uneven, reflecting the hand-hammered technique employed at the Dreux mint. |
| Reverse script | Latin |
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