Denier - Philippe Ier Mâcon, 1er type

Philippe I inherited the Mâcon mint through the crown's acquisition of the county in 1078, though royal monetary authority there remained contested against local ecclesiastical claims for decades. These early Capetian deniers circulated across Burgundy at a moment when the French crown's direct control over its own coinage was geographically fragmented — mints operated under royal name but often with considerable local autonomy over output and quality. The silver content dropped noticeably across Philippe's reign, a debasement that tracked his chronic fiscal difficulties and his excommunication by Pope Urban II in 1094 over the Bertrade de Montfort affair, which disrupted diplomatic and economic relations for years.