Denier - Charles II / Charles III Troyes mint

The Troyes denier sits at an uncomfortable dynastic seam. The "Charles II / Charles III" attribution reflects genuine scholarly uncertainty — these coins span the reigns of Charles the Bald and Charles the Simple, and the mint's output changed little enough between them that die evidence alone rarely resolves the question. Troyes, as the principal mint of Champagne, was operating under the Edict of Pîtres in 864, Charles the Bald's attempt to consolidate royal control over coinage by suppressing unauthorized mints and standardizing output across the kingdom.

The Prou references alone cite four separate die varieties for this type.