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Denier - Charlemagne Treviso mint, CΛRLVS REX FR

Issuer Unified Carolingian Empire
Year 793-812
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Weight 1.52 g
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Obverse description Central field bears a bold equal-armed cross pattée enclosed within a beaded inner circle, the cross arms expanding toward the periphery in a style characteristic of Carolingian hammered coinage. Surrounding the inner circle is a broad outer border composed of radiating wedge-shaped or triangular segments forming a distinctive sunburst or starburst pattern. The royal legend ✠ CΛRLVS REX FR runs within or alongside this outer band, with the use of the lambda (Λ) in place of A reflecting the epigraphic conventions of the period. The overall design is executed in high relief typical of late eighth- to early ninth-century Frankish silver deniers, with an irregular flan edge consistent with hand-struck production.
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Reverse description Central field features a Carolingian monogram — the interlaced capital letters of KAROLVS — set within a beaded inner circle, rendered in the bold, somewhat crude style typical of hammered deniers of the Treviso mint. The monogram is composed of deeply cut strokes forming an intricate ligature, a device widely employed on Carolingian coinage to assert royal authority. An outer border of radiating wedge-shaped or triangular segments, matching the obverse sunburst pattern, frames the composition. The mint legend ✠ TARVIS (denoting Treviso, the northern Italian mint) is distributed around the outer band. The irregular flan and variable strike pressure, characteristic of hammered production, result in partial legend legibility on some specimens.
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