Denier - Charlemagne Pavia mint

The Pavia mint — known in Carolingian documents as Papia — held particular strategic importance after Charlemagne's conquest of the Lombard kingdom in 774, and continued striking under his monetary reform of 793–794, when the weight standard for silver deniers was raised from roughly 1.2g to approximately 1.7g across the empire. That reform, enacted at the Council of Frankfurt, was among the most sweeping monetary interventions in early medieval Europe, effectively doubling the silver content of the penny and suppressing the lighter Merovingian-derived issues still circulating in Frankish territories.