Crown - Philip II

Guelders had been absorbed into the Habsburg Netherlands by 1543, but the duchy retained nominally distinct coinage rights well into Philip II's reign — a administrative concession that produced issues like this one, struck under his authority but carrying the local ducal identity. The 1571–1575 window places production squarely within the opening years of the Eighty Years' War, when the Spanish crown's fiscal demands on the Low Countries were accelerating the very revolt that would eventually sever them from Habsburg control entirely.

Delmonte G#631 is among the scarcer gold attributions in this series.