2 Fiorini di Camera - Julius II

Julius II — born Giuliano della Rovere — spent a decade in French exile before his election in 1503, and the aggression he'd accumulated came out in monetary as much as military policy. The Fiorini di Camera was the prestige gold unit of the papal treasury, used primarily for large contractual payments, diplomatic disbursements, and curial salaries rather than everyday commerce, which explains why survivors so often appear in relatively sound condition.

Julius reorganized the papal mint at Rome while simultaneously financing the demolition of Old St. Peter's and the ceiling commission to Michelangelo — expenditures that stretched even his considerable tax revenues. The .999 fineness held without debasement throughout his pontificate, a discipline his successors did not always maintain.