Æ10

Ephesos in this period was passed between overlords with unsettling regularity — Persian satrapal control, then Macedonian liberation under Alexander in 334 BC, then the fractious successor kingdoms afterward. Small bronze coinage of this type served the daily transactions that electrum and silver never reached, and its century-long production window reflects institutional continuity through repeated political upheaval rather than any single administrative decision.

The SNG von Aulock and Copenhagen concordances place this firmly within the established series, though attribution of individual specimens within the 383–295 range remains imprecise without die study.