1 Real "Groat" - Philip IV T countermarked

During the Catalan Revolt of 1640–1652 — the Guerra dels Segadors — Catalonia broke from Castile and placed itself under French protection, triggering a monetary crisis that left local governments scrambling to maintain circulating coin. Tortosa, a strategically vital city on the Ebro, responded by countermarking existing Philip IV reals with a municipal "T" to validate and retain coinage that might otherwise be hoarded or exported. The countermark effectively reauthorized Castilian royal silver under local municipal jurisdiction — an act of fiscal improvisation born of wartime necessity, not royal sanction.