1 Kharub - Mahmud I date at bottom

Mahmud I ruled the Ottoman Empire from Constantinople while Tunisia operated under the Husainid beys as a largely autonomous regency — the sultan's name appeared on coinage more as a declaration of suzerainty than any exercise of direct monetary control. The billon alloy itself reflects chronic silver shortages that plagued North African minting throughout the mid-eighteenth century, with the kharub series frequently showing inconsistent metal quality across even a single year's production.