1 Karshapana

发行方	Mauryan Empire (India (ancient))
年份	321 BC - 298 BC
类型	登录以查看详情
面值	登录以查看详情
货币	登录以查看详情
材质	Silver
重量	登录以查看详情
直径	登录以查看详情
厚度	登录以查看详情
形状	登录以查看详情
制作工艺	登录以查看详情
方向	登录以查看详情
雕刻师	登录以查看详情
流通至	登录以查看详情
参考资料	登录以查看详情

正面描述	Punchmarks, mostly off flan: 462 (six-armed symbol alternating arrows and taurines), 468 (sun), 374 (crescent above three hills), 270 (tree growing from corner of squared square), indistinct 5th mark.
正面文字	登录以查看详情
正面铭文	登录以查看详情
背面描述	登录以查看详情
背面文字	登录以查看详情
背面铭文	登录以查看详情
边缘	登录以查看详情
铸币厂	登录以查看详情
铸造量	ND (321 BC - 298 BC)
附加信息	The karshapana predates the Mauryan dynasty itself — punch-marked silver had circulated across the Indian subcontinent for at least two centuries before Chandragupta Maurya consolidated power around 321 BC. What changed under the Mauryas was administrative standardization, with the Arthashastra attributed to Kautilya prescribing precise weight tolerances and mandating state assay offices called lakshanaadhyakshas to regulate output. The 3.23g ratti-based standard held with remarkable consistency across mints, enforced by a bureaucracy that punished counterfeiters with mutilation.

您可能也会喜欢