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1 Falus - Shams al din Muzaffar II AH 917-932
| Issuer | Sultanate of Gujarat (Indian Sultanates) |
|---|---|
| Year | 918-919 (1512-1513) |
| Type | Standard circulation coin |
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| Obverse description | Hammered copper flan bearing a bold Arabic legend in two lines within the field, struck in the characteristic angular Tughra-influenced script typical of Gujarat Sultanate coinage. The inscription reads the honorific titles of Sultan Muzaffar Shah II, occupying the majority of the obverse field. The lettering is deeply struck in relief against a plain, irregular field, with no border or decorative framing elements. The flan shows typical irregular edges and uneven surfaces consistent with hand-struck medieval Indian coinage. Reddish-brown patina covers the surface, indicative of long-term copper oxidation. |
|---|---|
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| Reverse script | Arabic |
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| Additional information |
Muzaffar Shah II ruled Gujarat for over three decades, overseeing a sultanate that had become one of the wealthiest trading polities on the subcontinent, its ports at Surat and Cambay funneling spices, textiles, and horses through the Arabian Sea network. The copper falus sat at the lowest denomination of that economy — the coin of the bazaar, of small transactions, of people who never handled silver. Most were struck, spent, and lost within the same generation.
AH 918-919 falls early in his reign, just years after the Portuguese had seized Goa in 1510 and were actively disrupting Gujarat's maritime trade. The sultanate would go on to clash directly with Portuguese naval forces at the Battle of Diu in 1509 — technically preceding this issue, but the geopolitical pressure it created lingered throughout these years.