1 Fals - Ahmad ibn Muhammad

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背面描述	The reverse presents a field of Arabic kufic inscription in multiple horizontal registers, partially worn and weakly struck in areas, as is characteristic of hammered copper fals of this period and region. A dotted inner border frames the central text, with traces of a marginal legend visible around the periphery. The flan shows considerable surface corrosion and patination consistent with copper coinage of the Afrighid dynasty of Kath. The irregular shape and variable strike depth reflect the hand-hammered production technique common to 10th-century Central Asian provincial mints.
背面文字	Arabic
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附加信息	The Afrighids of Kath were the ancient ruling dynasty of Khwarazm, clinging to power in their capital on the Oxus delta as Samanid authority pressed in from the south. By the time Ahmad ibn Muhammad issued this fals, the dynasty was in its final generation — the Afrighids were extinguished in 995 when Abu Abdullah Muhammad of the rival Ma'munid line seized Kath and killed the last ruling member. This piece was struck within roughly three decades of that end.

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