1/4 Groschen - Nicholas V

Nicholas V, the first humanist pope, spent much of his reign rebuilding Rome and assembling what would become the Vatican Library — expensive priorities that placed persistent strain on papal finances. Comtat Venaissin, the papal enclave in southern France around Carpentras, maintained its own mint with some autonomy from the Roman issues, producing small billon fractions to serve local commerce in the Rhône corridor.

The Berman and Duplessy féodales references together suggest this piece circulated within the Comtat rather than being struck for broader papal distribution.